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Mikroskobik boyutlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hayatta kalma becerileriyle bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan tardigradlar, kaynar sulardan dondurucu so\u011fuklara, uzay bo\u015flu\u011fundan n\u00fckleer radyasyona ve okyanuslar\u0131n derinliklerindeki bas\u0131nca kadar en zorlu ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. Peki, bu minicik t\u00fcr nas\u0131l oluyor da bu kadar dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olabiliyor? Gelin, mikroskobik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu gizemli ve sevimli \u00f6rne\u011fini birlikte ke\u015ffedelim.<\/p>\n
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\u0130lk olarak Alman zoolog (hayvan bilimci) Johann August Ephraim Goeze taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen tardigradlar; tombul g\u00f6vdesi, k\u0131sa bacaklar\u0131 ve ayaklar\u0131ndaki kancalar\u0131yla mikroskop alt\u0131nda bir ay\u0131ya benzemesi nedeniyle “su ay\u0131s\u0131” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilimsel isimlendirilmesi ise \u0130talyan biyolog Lazzaro Spallanzani taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; a\u011f\u0131r ve yava\u015f hareketlerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Latince “yava\u015f ad\u0131ml\u0131” anlam\u0131na gelen \u201ctardigrada\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Sevimli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerinin arkas\u0131nda ise \u00e2deta do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc bir dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k gizlidir. Yaln\u0131zca 0.1 ila 1.5 milimetre boyutunda olan bu mikroskobik canl\u0131lar -200 dereceye varan so\u011fuklarda bile ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmektedir.<\/p>\n
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Tardigradlar, \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti\u011finde, mesela su tamamen bitti\u011finde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ya da yo\u011fun radyasyona maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131nda \u201ckriptobiyoz\u201d denilen \u00f6zel bir hayatta kalma moduna ge\u00e7er. Bu durum, bir uyku h\u00e2line benzese de asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha derindir. V\u00fccutlar\u0131ndaki suyun %99\u2019unu kaybeder, minicik, b\u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir top gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve neredeyse hi\u00e7 hareket etmez, hatta ya\u015fam belirtisi bile g\u00f6stermez. Oysa asl\u0131nda \u00f6lmemi\u015ftir. Bu h\u00e2lde onlarca, baz\u0131 durumlarda y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l hayatta kalabilir. Ortam yeniden uygun h\u00e2le geldi\u011finde, \u00f6rne\u011fin yeniden suyla temas ettiklerinde, sanki hi\u00e7bir \u015fey olmam\u0131\u015f gibi canlan\u0131r ve ya\u015fam\u0131na kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam eder.<\/p>\n
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Tardigradlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6zleri yoktur ancak \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layabilen basit yap\u0131lara sahiptir. “G\u00f6z lekesi” ya da bilimsel ad\u0131yla \u201cocellus\u201d denilen bu yap\u0131lar, cisimleri ya da \u015fekilleri net olarak g\u00f6remez ama \u00e7evredeki \u0131\u015f\u0131k miktar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layabilir. Yani tardigradlar, g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa karanl\u0131k m\u0131 gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ilgili temel farklar\u0131 anlayabilir. Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde bu g\u00f6z lekeleri bile yoktur. Onlar \u00e7evrelerini daha \u00e7ok dokunma ya da kimyasal sinyaller yoluyla alg\u0131lar. Bu, tardigradlar i\u00e7in yeterlidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc zaten mikroskobik ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda \u201cnet g\u00f6rmekten\u201d \u00e7ok, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 fark etmek, y\u00f6n bulmak ya da tehlikeden uzakla\u015fmak daha \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
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Bilim insanlar\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.300 tardigrad t\u00fcr\u00fc ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Bu mikroskobik hayvanlar, ekstremofiller olarak bilinen se\u00e7kin bir kategoriye aittir ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun dayanamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda hayatta kalabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yiyecek veya su kayna\u011f\u0131 olmadan 30 y\u0131la kadar ya\u015fayabilir. Uzun vadeli dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 k\u0131smen v\u00fccutlar\u0131nda bulunan ve \u201chasar bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Dsup adl\u0131 benzersiz bir proteinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu protein DNA\u2019y\u0131 toprakta, suda ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunan zararl\u0131 iyonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 radyasyondan korur.<\/p>\n
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Geli\u015fmi\u015f DNA onar\u0131m sistemleri sayesinde tardigradlar, mutasyona u\u011framaz ve ya\u015famsal genetik bilgilerini koruyarak t\u00fcrlerinin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Basit yap\u0131l\u0131 organizmalar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnseler de asl\u0131nda merkez\u00ee bir sinir sistemine sahiptir. \u00dc\u00e7 lobdan olu\u015fan beyinleri hem ba\u015f hareketlerini hem de \u00e7evresel tepkileri koordine eden bir merkez g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
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Tardigradlar, yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131nda neredeyse tamamen \u015fekillenmi\u015f bir eri\u015fkinin minyat\u00fcr versiyonu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Yani bir larva evresi ge\u00e7irmez, metamorfoz (ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m) ya\u015famaz. Bu durum \u201cdo\u011frudan geli\u015fim\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz sekiz baca\u011f\u0131, pen\u00e7eleri ve hatta sindirim sistemi gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131 tam olarak olu\u015fur. B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e deri de\u011fi\u015ftirerek boyutunu art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 birka\u00e7 kez tekrarlan\u0131r ve her seferinde eski d\u0131\u015f iskelet (k\u00fctikula) at\u0131l\u0131r. Deri de\u011fi\u015ftirme yaln\u0131zca b\u00fcy\u00fcmekle ilgili de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda bir temizlik ve yenilenme mekanizmas\u0131 olarak da i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinde biriken parazitlerden ve mikroorganizmalardan ar\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sayesinde tardigradlar; iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, uzay yolculu\u011fu, radyasyon direnci ve ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda s\u0131k\u00e7a incelenmektedir. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Uzay Ajans\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uzaya g\u00f6nderilen tardigradlar, uzay bo\u015flu\u011funda radyasyona ve s\u0131f\u0131r bas\u0131nca maruz kalmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik yaln\u0131zca ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda biyolojik i\u015flevlerini de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00f6zellikleri onlara, astrobiyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Mikroskobik boyutlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen hayatta kalma becerileriyle bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan tardigradlar, kaynar sulardan dondurucu so\u011fuklara, uzay bo\u015flu\u011fundan n\u00fckleer radyasyona ve okyanuslar\u0131n derinliklerindeki bas\u0131nca kadar en zorlu ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir. Peki, bu minicik t\u00fcr nas\u0131l oluyor da bu kadar dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olabiliyor? Gelin, mikroskobik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu gizemli ve sevimli \u00f6rne\u011fini birlikte ke\u015ffedelim. [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”1#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[1258,3866,3867,3868],"class_list":["post-31401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rota-doga","tag-canli","tag-dayanikli-canli","tag-mikroskobik-canli","tag-tardigradlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=31401"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31401\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=31401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=31401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=31401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}