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Konser salonlar\u0131ndan sokak m\u00fczisyenlerine, klasik m\u00fczikten rock\u2019n roll\u2019a kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda kendine yer bulan gitar, asl\u0131nda binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ser\u00fcvenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kimi zaman bir saray m\u00fczisyeninin ezgilerinde, kimi zaman g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir toplulu\u011fun ate\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 melodilerde \u015fekillenen gitar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc formuna ula\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca teknik geli\u015fmelerin de\u011fil; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimlerin, sava\u015flar\u0131n, g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ve m\u00fczi\u011fe duyulan derin tutkunun da hik\u00e2yesidir. Duygular\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlikleri ve m\u00fczi\u011fi bulu\u015fturan gitar\u0131n etkileyici \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yaz\u0131m\u0131zda ke\u015ffedebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
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Arkeologlar ve m\u00fczik tarih\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re, bilinen en eski telli \u00e7alg\u0131lar aras\u0131nda Mezopotamya, M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130ran gibi antik uygarl\u0131klarda kullan\u0131lan \u00e7anak arp (bowl harp) ve tambur benzeri uzun sapl\u0131 \u00e7alg\u0131lar yer al\u0131r. Bu enstr\u00fcmanlar genellikle bir \u00e7anak (rezonans kutusu) \u00fczerine dikey ya da e\u011fik \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f tellerden olu\u015fur. Kaplumba\u011fa kabu\u011fu, su kaba\u011f\u0131 veya oyulmu\u015f ah\u015fap gibi do\u011fal malzemelerden yap\u0131lan bu antik arpler, M\u00d6 3000\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u00f6zellikle S\u00fcmerlerde hem m\u00fczikli e\u011flencelerde hem de din\u00ee t\u00f6renlerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sap k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in genellikle a\u011fa\u00e7 dallar\u0131 ya da e\u011filmi\u015f sopalar tercih edilirken; teller \u00e7o\u011funlukla hayvan ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kimi zaman da ipek gibi do\u011fal lifler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Dil bilimciler, \u201cgitar\u201d kelimesinin Arap\u00e7a \u201cqitara\u201d ve Yunanca \u201ckithara\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden t\u00fcredi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Bir telli \u00e7alg\u0131 olan kithara, Arap\u00e7aya qitara (k\u012bt\u0101ra) \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Telli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle arp, tambur ve ud gibi \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin d\u00fcnya geneline yay\u0131lmas\u0131; \u0130pek ve Baharat Yollar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7ler, fetihler, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ke\u015fifler ve gezginler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcrecin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden biri; 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Afrika\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Emev\u00ee Araplar\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130spanya ve Portekiz\u2019in bulundu\u011fu G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 fethederek \u201cEnd\u00fcl\u00fcs Emev\u00eeleri\u201dni kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sayede ud benzeri \u00e7alg\u0131lar bu b\u00f6lgeye ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve zamanla Avrupa m\u00fczik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde derin etkiler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca devam eden bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fim, \u0130spanya\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gitar\u0131n geli\u015fimindeki \u00f6nemli rol\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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K\u0131sa sapl\u0131, armut g\u00f6vdeli ve m\u0131zrapla \u00e7al\u0131nan bir \u00e7alg\u0131 olan udun Avrupa m\u00fczi\u011fiyle temas\u0131, zamanla yeni \u00e7alg\u0131 formlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ud, Avrupa’n\u0131n yerel enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131yla birle\u015ferek gitar\u0131n atas\u0131 say\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fimine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ud, Avrupa\u2019da lavta (lute) formuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Orta Avrupa\u2019da yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130spanya\u2019da ise farkl\u0131 bir geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f; ud, yerel \u00e7alg\u0131larla birle\u015ferek \u201cvihuela\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir enstr\u00fcmana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Vihuela, do\u011frudan gitar\u0131n atas\u0131 kabul edilir. 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130spanya\u2019da, k\u0131smen de Portekiz\u2019de pop\u00fcler h\u00e2le gelen vihuela; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz gitar\u0131na \u00e7ok benzeyen bir g\u00f6vdeye, perdeli bir sapa sahiptir ve klasik gitara olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde akortlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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\u0130spanyol soylular\u0131 aras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler olan vihuelan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru sahneye barok gitar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Be\u015f \u00e7ift telli yap\u0131s\u0131yla barok gitar, m\u00fczikte daha melodik ve akor odakl\u0131 bir enstr\u00fcman h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f; daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutu ve kolay ta\u015f\u0131nabilirli\u011fi sayesinde halk aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan \u0130spanyol rahip ve m\u00fczik kuramc\u0131s\u0131 Juan Bermudo, yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Declaraci\u00f3n de Instrumentos Musicales adl\u0131 eserinde be\u015f telli bir gitardan s\u00f6z eder. Farkl\u0131 \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle telli enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131, sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klayan bu eser, modern gitara dair elimizdeki en eski ve \u00f6nemli yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Bermudo\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7alg\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fil; nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, akort sistemini ve d\u00f6nemin m\u00fczik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da detayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde sunarak gitar\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Zamanla vihuela, daha \u00e7ok \u201csoylu\u201d bir enstr\u00fcman olarak kalm\u0131\u015f ve halk aras\u0131nda yerini barok gitara b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak vihuelan\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131m tekni\u011fi ve akort sistemi, do\u011frudan modern klasik gitar\u0131n geli\u015fimine ilham vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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Telli \u00e7alg\u0131 yap\u0131m ustas\u0131 \u0130spanyol Antonio de Torres Jurado, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00fcretti\u011fi gitarlarla bu enstr\u00fcmana bir\u00e7ok yenilik kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve modern klasik gitar\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Torres\u2019ten \u00f6nce de gitarlar \u00fcretilmekteydi; ancak onun tasar\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00f6vde hem daha geni\u015f hem de daha derin h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f, bu da sesin daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zengin bir bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Torres\u2019in en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri, ses tablas\u0131n\u0131n titre\u015fimini art\u0131ran yelpaze \u015feklindeki i\u00e7 destek sistemidir. Bu teknik, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 klasik gitar yap\u0131m\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1860\u2019larda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 gitarlar bug\u00fcn m\u00fczelerde sergilenmekte ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 baz\u0131 m\u00fczisyenler taraf\u0131ndan konserlerde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kendi d\u00f6neminde \u00fcretti\u011fi gitarlar \u201cLa Leona\u201d (Aslan Di\u015fi) ismiyle an\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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1930\u2019larda caz ve blues m\u00fczi\u011finin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle birlikte gitar\u0131n daha fazla ses \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 gerekti. Akustik gitarlar, kalabal\u0131k orkestralar i\u00e7inde yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ses \u00fcretemedi\u011finden bu durum, elektrogitar ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu. Elektrikli m\u00fczik enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretiminde \u00f6nc\u00fc olan \u0130svi\u00e7re k\u00f6kenli Amerikal\u0131 sanayici Adolph Rickenbacker, elektrikli gitar\u0131n mucidi kabul edilen Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fczisyen George Beauchamp ile birlikte tarihe ge\u00e7ecek bir projeye imza att\u0131. 1931\u2019de, tamamen metal g\u00f6vdeli ilk elektrogitar\u0131 tan\u0131tt\u0131lar. Manyetik pikap yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ilk telli enstr\u00fcmanlardan biri olan bu gitar, tellerin titre\u015fimlerini elektrik sinyallerine \u00e7evirerek sesin y\u00fckseltilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan gitarlar \u201cRickenbacker\u201d markas\u0131yla piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve elektrogitar\u0131n ticari olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Gitar, tarih boyunca pek \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn ve teknolojik geli\u015fmenin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yarak bug\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f hem geleneksel hem de modern m\u00fczi\u011fin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yolculuk, enstr\u00fcman\u0131n m\u00fczi\u011fe katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 derinlikle birlikte geli\u015fmeye ve \u015fekillenmeye devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Konser salonlar\u0131ndan sokak m\u00fczisyenlerine, klasik m\u00fczikten rock\u2019n roll\u2019a kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda kendine yer bulan gitar, asl\u0131nda binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ser\u00fcvenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kimi zaman bir saray m\u00fczisyeninin ezgilerinde, kimi zaman g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir toplulu\u011fun ate\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 melodilerde \u015fekillenen gitar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc formuna ula\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca teknik geli\u015fmelerin de\u011fil; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimlerin, sava\u015flar\u0131n, g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ve m\u00fczi\u011fe duyulan derin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[3473,3474,3475,3476,773,3274],"class_list":["post-30913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-barok-gitar","tag-elektrogitar","tag-enstruman","tag-gitar","tag-muzik","tag-rockn-roll"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30913","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30913"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30913\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30913"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30913"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30913"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}