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Cam, do\u011fada bulunan temel malzemelerden \u00fcretilen, saydam, sert ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan yap\u0131s\u0131yla hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n pek \u00e7ok alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir maddedir. En dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise saydaml\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irme \u00f6zelli\u011fi sayesinde, pencerelerden g\u00f6zl\u00fcklere, aynalardan dekoratif e\u015fyalara kadar geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahiptir. Ayr\u0131ca geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir yap\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evre dostu bir malzeme olarak da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Tarih boyunca hem i\u015flevsel hem de sanatsal ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lan cam; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde in\u015faat, teknoloji, t\u0131p ve sanat gibi bir\u00e7ok alandaki yeniliklerin temel bile\u015fenlerinden biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Ustal\u0131kla \u015fekillendirilen cam\u0131n ser\u00fcveni; mimariden sanata, bilimden sanayiye kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan bu de\u011ferli malzemenin yolculu\u011funu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda sizler i\u00e7in derledik.<\/p>\n
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Cam, asl\u0131nda insan eli de\u011fmeden do\u011fada olu\u015fabilen bir malzemedir. Volkanik patlamalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda lavlar\u0131n ani so\u011fumas\u0131yla obsidiyen ad\u0131 verilen do\u011fal cam olu\u015fur. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mlar kumlu y\u00fczeylere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle fulgurit olarak bilinen cam benzeri yap\u0131lar meydana gelir. Bu do\u011fal cam t\u00fcrleri, tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerde kesici aletler ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Do\u011fal yolla olu\u015fan cam\u0131n aksine, insan eliyle \u00fcretilmi\u015f en eski cam kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6. 3500 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mezopotamya ve Antik M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Cam\u0131n icad\u0131yla ilgili ilk \u00fcretim merkezinin Mezopotamya m\u0131 yoksa M\u0131s\u0131r m\u0131 oldu\u011fu h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da bir\u00e7ok arkeolog Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n ilk cam \u00fcretim merkezlerinden biri oldu\u011funu kabul etmektedir. \u00d6te yandan, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da cam sanat\u0131n\u0131n daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, cam\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli renklerde \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in metal oksitlerden yararlanm\u0131\u015f; \u00f6zellikle firuze ve kobalt mavisi gibi g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 renkler elde etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130lk cam nesneler genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boncuklar ve silindir m\u00fch\u00fcrler \u015feklinde \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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Do\u011fal malzemelerden \u00fcretilen cam\u0131n yap\u0131m s\u00fcreci hem bilimsel hem de sanatsal bir ustal\u0131k gerektirir. Kum, sodyum karbonat ve kalsiyum karbonat (kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131) ile \u00fcretilen cama; renk ya da farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in metal oksitler gibi katk\u0131 maddeleri eklenir. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m, dev ocaklarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1700\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta eritilir. Bu a\u015famada malzemeler s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir ve birbirine tamamen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Eriyen cam, istenilen \u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle \u015fekillendirilir. Daha sonra \u00e7atlamamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde yava\u015f\u00e7a so\u011futulur. M\u00d6. 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar cam\u0131, boncuk ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck objelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kaplar ve \u015fi\u015feler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem, \u00e7ekirdek bi\u00e7imlendirme tekni\u011fidir. Bu teknikte, kilden veya kumdan bir \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131l\u0131r ve eritilmi\u015f cam bu \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00fczerine d\u00f6k\u00fclerek kaplan\u0131r. Cam so\u011fuduktan sonra \u00e7ekirdek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u00e7i bo\u015f bir kap elde edilir. Bu y\u00f6ntemle genellikle parf\u00fcm \u015fi\u015feleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00e2seler ve i\u00e7ecek kaplar\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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\u00dcretim s\u00fcreci zahmetli oldu\u011fundan, cam bu d\u00f6nemde l\u00fcks bir malzeme olarak kabul edilmi\u015f, yaln\u0131zca zenginlerin ve kraliyet mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n, yani belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n eri\u015febildi\u011fi de\u011ferli bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Cam eserler genellikle firavunlara, krallara ve aristokratlara sunulan k\u0131ymetli objeler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki M\u00d6. 1336 – M\u00d6. 1327 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc firavunlar\u0131ndan Tutankamon\u2019un mezar\u0131nda bulunan cam e\u015fyalar, cam\u0131n antik d\u00fcnyadaki y\u00fcksek de\u011ferini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Antik Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ba\u015flayan cam \u00fcretimi, zamanla Fenikeliler, Yunanlar ve Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilerek t\u00fcm Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc modern cam \u00fcretiminin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
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M\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fenikeli cam ustalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen cam \u00fcfleme tekni\u011fi, cam \u00fcretiminde yeni bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6ncesinde cam genellikle kal\u0131plara d\u00f6k\u00fclerek \u00fcretilirken, bu yenilik sayesinde i\u00e7i bo\u015f, hafif ve ince cam \u00fcr\u00fcnler yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun cam ticaretini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131yla birlikte, cam Akdeniz \u00e7evresindeki bir\u00e7ok medeniyet i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir malzeme olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
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Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da cam yap\u0131m\u0131 sanat seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Venedik, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n cam \u00fcretim merkezi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Venedikli cam ustalar\u0131, cam yap\u0131m tekniklerini korumak amac\u0131yla Murano Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bu teknikler uzun s\u00fcre s\u0131r gibi saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Murano cam ustalar\u0131; kristal berrakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cam, renkli cam ve alt\u0131n i\u015flemeli cam \u00fcretiminde geli\u015ftirdikleri tekniklerle \u00fcnlerini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”7#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”30623″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda cam\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f ve bilimsel geli\u015fmelerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hollandal\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00fcreticisi Zacharias Janssen, cam lensleri kullanarak ilk mikroskobu icat etmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talyan astronom, fizik\u00e7i, m\u00fchendis, filozof ve matematik\u00e7i Galileo Galilei, teleskopunu geli\u015ftirerek g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc incelemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cam lensler, bilimin ilerlemesine do\u011frudan katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f; mikrobiyolojiden astronomiye kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 geli\u015fmelere zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”8#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”30624″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]<\/p>\n
Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte cam \u00fcretimi h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f ve daha ekonomik bir h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa\u2019da d\u00f6kme cam, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise preslenmi\u015f cam teknolojileri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Amerikal\u0131 i\u015f insan\u0131 ve giri\u015fimci Michael Joseph Owens, ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 otomatik cam \u015fi\u015fe \u00fcretim makinesini kurmu\u015f ve bu makineler sayesinde cam \u015fi\u015fe \u00fcretimi tamamen otomatik h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Bu yenilik, cam \u015fi\u015fe \u00fcretiminin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak maliyetleri ciddi \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece cam, art\u0131k sadece l\u00fcks bir malzeme de\u011fil, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde cam, ak\u0131ll\u0131 teknolojilerle geli\u015ftirilerek elektrikle \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen, g\u00fcne\u015f kontrol camlar\u0131 ile s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenleyip enerji tasarrufu sa\u011flayabilen bir malzemeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca esnek ve ultra ince camlar, katlanabilir telefonlardan uzay ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Cam\u0131n ser\u00fcveni, bilim ve teknolojiyle birlikte \u015fekillenmeye ve geli\u015fmeye devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Cam, do\u011fada bulunan temel malzemelerden \u00fcretilen, saydam, sert ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan yap\u0131s\u0131yla hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n pek \u00e7ok alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir maddedir. En dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise saydaml\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irme \u00f6zelli\u011fi sayesinde, pencerelerden g\u00f6zl\u00fcklere, aynalardan dekoratif e\u015fyalara kadar geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahiptir. Ayr\u0131ca geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir yap\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evre dostu bir malzeme olarak da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Tarih boyunca […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30616,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[3140,3141,3142],"class_list":["post-30615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-cam","tag-cam-sanati","tag-kum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30615"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30615\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30615"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30615"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}