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Teknolojinin h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi ve ya\u015fam al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne uzanan bir\u00e7ok zanaat ve meslek sessizce unutuluyor. Bir zamanlar toplumlar\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimliklerini yans\u0131tan bu meslekler, art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca tarih sayfalar\u0131nda veya nostaljik an\u0131larda yer buluyor. Hakk\u00e2klik, divit\u00e7ilik, nalbantl\u0131k gibi meslekler, el eme\u011finin, sabr\u0131n ve esteti\u011fin somut birer \u00f6rne\u011fiydi. Bug\u00fcn bu unutulmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f meslekleri hat\u0131rlamak ve onlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yelerine kulak vermek i\u00e7in sizlere bir liste haz\u0131rlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n
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Basmac\u0131l\u0131k, Anadolu\u2019dan Hindistan\u2019a, Orta Asya\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya kadar geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca uygulanan \u00f6nemli bir tekstil zanaat\u0131d\u0131r. Pamuklu kuma\u015flara, k\u00f6k boyalarla bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemiyle desenlerin i\u015flendi\u011fi bu sanat, \u0130pek Yolu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde \u00f6zellikle Tokat, Bursa ve \u0130stanbul gibi merkezlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. A\u011fa\u00e7tan oyulan kal\u0131plarla desenlerin tek tek kuma\u015fa aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar, k\u00f6k boyalarla sabitlenip g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulur. Bu y\u00f6ntem, kuma\u015fa hem do\u011fal hem de uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc bir renk kazand\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde basmac\u0131l\u0131k yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olsa da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve el yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlere artan ilgi sayesinde yeniden canlanma yolunda ilerlemektedir.<\/p>\n
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Nalbantl\u0131k, atlar\u0131n ayak bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve hayati \u00f6neme sahip bir zanaatt\u0131r. Atlar\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m, tar\u0131m, sava\u015f ve ticaret gibi alanlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde, nalbantlar toplumun vazge\u00e7ilmez meslek gruplar\u0131ndan biriydi. Nalbantlar, atlar\u0131n t\u0131rnak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak onlara \u00f6zel tasarlanm\u0131\u015f nallar\u0131 \u00f6zenle takar. Bu i\u015flem, at\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dengeli bir \u015fekilde ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 hareket etmesini sa\u011flayacak hassasiyetle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirdi. 19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte atlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 daralm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum nalbantl\u0131k mesle\u011finin gerilemesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde atlar daha \u00e7ok spor ve turizm sekt\u00f6rlerinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan nalbantlara duyulan ihtiya\u00e7 belirgin \u015fekilde azalm\u0131\u015f, bu da mesle\u011fin ekonomik de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
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Tahta, maden veya ta\u015f \u00fczerine oyma yaparak yaz\u0131 yazan zanaatk\u00e2rlara “hakk\u00e2k”, bu meslek dal\u0131na ise “hakk\u00e2klik” denir. Hakk\u00e2klar; el yazmas\u0131 kitaplar, levhalar, mezar ta\u015flar\u0131 ve sanat eserleri \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yazma ve s\u00fcsleme i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, m\u00fch\u00fcr yap\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli belgelerin i\u015flenmesi gibi g\u00f6revler de hakk\u00e2klar\u0131n uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131na girerdi. \u00d6zellikle mezar ta\u015flar\u0131ndaki ince i\u015f\u00e7ilik, s\u00fcslemeler ve kitabeler hakk\u00e2klar\u0131n sanat\u0131nda zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan biriydi. Camiler, medreseler, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler ve evler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan hat levhalar\u0131 da onlar\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcrlerin oyulmas\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck ustal\u0131k sergileyen hakk\u00e2klar, Sanayi Devrimi\u2019yle birlikte teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi ve makinele\u015fmenin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu eski ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ancak bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc meslek, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde baz\u0131 \u00f6zel alanlarda ve sanat odakl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda h\u00e2l\u00e2 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
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Divit\u00e7i, Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde yaz\u0131 yazmaya y\u00f6nelik geleneksel ara\u00e7lar \u00fcreten zanaatk\u00e2rlara verilen isimdir. Divit, i\u00e7ine m\u00fcrekkep konulan ve yan\u0131nda kalem saklanan bir t\u00fcr kalemliktir. Genellikle pirin\u00e7, bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi metal malzemelerden veya ta\u015f gibi dayan\u0131kl\u0131 malzemelerden yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Hem m\u00fcrekkep haznesine hem de kalem i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir b\u00f6lmeye sahip olan divit, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bir yaz\u0131 seti olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. Divit\u00e7iler yaln\u0131zca divitleri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fcrekkep hazneleri ve kalemler gibi yaz\u0131 gere\u00e7lerini de \u00f6zenle \u00fcretirdi. \u00d6zellikle hattatlar\u0131n ve k\u00e2tiplerin bu t\u00fcr yaz\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131na olan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, divit\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir meslek h\u00e2line getirmi\u015fti. Divit, sadece bir yaz\u0131 arac\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sanatsal bir obje olarak da b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Modern yaz\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte divit\u00e7ilik, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f olsa da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde koleksiyonluk ya da hediyelik e\u015fya olarak h\u00e2l\u00e2 de\u011ferini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Sara\u00e7lar, atlar\u0131n arabalar\u0131 \u00e7ekmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in v\u00fccutlar\u0131na tak\u0131lan bir dizi ara\u00e7 ve ekipman olan ko\u015fum tak\u0131mlar\u0131, hayvan eyerleri ve deri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcreten zanaatk\u00e2rlard\u0131r. Deriyi i\u015flemek i\u00e7in s\u0131y\u0131rg\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, matkap ve teber gibi \u00f6zel aletler kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde, sara\u00e7l\u0131k son derece \u00f6nemli bir meslek koluydu. Ancak motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcne duyulan ihtiya\u00e7 azalm\u0131\u015f ve bu nedenle sara\u00e7l\u0131k mesle\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde az say\u0131da sara\u00e7 deri \u00e7anta ve di\u011fer el yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcreterek bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc zanaat\u0131 ya\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Sara\u00e7hane semti, bir zamanlar bu mesle\u011fin merkezi olarak bilinir ve ismini de buradan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Debba\u011fl\u0131k, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc deriyi \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7larla i\u015fleme zanaat\u0131d\u0131r, bu i\u015fi yapan zanaatk\u00e2rlara ise “debba\u011f” denir. Debba\u011fl\u0131k, ham deriyi i\u015fleyip kullan\u0131labilir h\u00e2le getirme zanaat\u0131d\u0131r, yani deri \u00fcretiminin ilk a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Sara\u00e7l\u0131k ise i\u015flenmi\u015f deriyi kullanarak eyer, kemer, \u00e7anta gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnler yapma sanat\u0131d\u0131r ve bu noktada birbirinden farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. Deri \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin i\u015flenmesi, temizlenmesi ve yumu\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren debba\u011flar, deriyi kullan\u0131labilir h\u00e2le getirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasal i\u015flemler ve teknikler uygular. Bu meslek, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00f6zellikle hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve deri \u00fcretiminin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Bir zamanlar \u0130stanbul\u2019da en kalabal\u0131k esnaf gruplar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturan debba\u011flar, deri i\u015fleme zanaat\u0131n\u0131 lonca sistemi i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise debba\u011fl\u0131k mesle\u011fi sanayi sitelerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n
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Kalafat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, gemi ve teknelerin su s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6vde aral\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemelerle doldurulup koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na dayanan, denizcilik tarihinin en eski mesleklerinden biridir. Bu zanaat, ilk olarak antik \u00e7a\u011flarda Akdeniz medeniyetlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve zamanla geli\u015ferek Yunan, Roma ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ah\u015fap gemilerin deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemlerde, kalafat\u00e7\u0131lar gemilerin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, \u00f6zellikle tersanelerde yo\u011funla\u015fan kalafat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, ticaret ve donanma gemilerinin bak\u0131m ve onar\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7elik ve metal g\u00f6vdeli gemilerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, kalafat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n eski \u00f6nemini yitirmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metal gemilerde kaynak ve per\u00e7in teknolojilerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla da ah\u015fap gemilere olan talep azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak kalafat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 geleneksel ah\u015fap teknelerde uygulanmaya devam etmektedir. \u00d6zellikle yat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve turistik ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lan ah\u015fap teknelerde bu zanaat h\u00e2l\u00e2 de\u011ferini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Teknolojinin h\u0131zla ilerledi\u011fi ve ya\u015fam al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimlere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne uzanan bir\u00e7ok zanaat ve meslek sessizce unutuluyor. Bir zamanlar toplumlar\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimliklerini yans\u0131tan bu meslekler, art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca tarih sayfalar\u0131nda veya nostaljik an\u0131larda yer buluyor. Hakk\u00e2klik, divit\u00e7ilik, nalbantl\u0131k gibi meslekler, el eme\u011finin, sabr\u0131n ve esteti\u011fin somut birer \u00f6rne\u011fiydi. Bug\u00fcn […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[739,4621,1319,2118],"class_list":["post-30422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-el-emegi","tag-kaybolan-meslekler","tag-meslek","tag-zanaat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30422"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30422\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}