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\u0130lk \u00e7a\u011flarda, temel amac\u0131 hayatta kalmak ve beslenmek olan toplumlar\u0131n; besin kaynaklar\u0131 bulmak, vah\u015fi hayvanlardan korunmak ve saklanabilecekleri yerleri i\u015faretleyerek yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7izimler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ilkel haritalar\u0131 olarak kabul ediliyor. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131ndan bile daha eskiye dayanan bu ilkel haritalar, \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ve k\u0131talarda ya\u015fayan medeniyetler taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve haritac\u0131l\u0131k tarihi \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Orta \u00c7a\u011f, Yeni \u00c7a\u011f haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famaya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haritac\u0131l\u0131k tarihinin \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6nemini olu\u015fturan en eski haritalar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131zda okuyabilirsiniz\u2026<\/p>\n
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1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ukrayna’n\u0131n Mezhyrich K\u00f6y\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i, arazisinde mamut kemikleri buldu. Bu ke\u015ffin ard\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar, tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bulgular\u0131n g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yakla\u015f\u0131k 14.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 149 mamut kemi\u011finden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 8 metre \u00e7ap\u0131nda olan d\u00f6rt bar\u0131nak ke\u015ffedildi. Bar\u0131naklardan birinde bulunan ve ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme tarihlenen bir fildi\u015fi par\u00e7as\u0131 ise dikkat \u00e7eken bir ba\u015fka ke\u015fif oldu. Bu fildi\u015finin \u00fczerine kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir harita, \u00e7evredeki di\u011fer bar\u0131naklar\u0131n yerlerini g\u00f6steren ilkel bir \u00e7izim olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. Bu bulgu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bilinen en eski haritas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Harita, b\u00f6lge sakinlerinin \u00e7evreleriyle olan ili\u015fkileri ve yerle\u015fim d\u00fczenleri hakk\u0131nda basit \u00e7izimlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgedeki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ukrayna Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Ulusal Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesinde, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise New York\u2019taki Amerikan Do\u011fa Tarihi M\u00fczesinde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n
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Mezhyrich’te bulunan ve haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilen fildi\u015fi haritan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konya\u2019daki \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 6200 y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlenen bir ba\u015fka antik harita ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 metre uzunlu\u011funda ve 90 santimetre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde olan bu bulgu, haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bir duvara i\u015flenmi\u015f \u00e7izimlerde, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn arkas\u0131nda y\u00fckselen volkanik Hasan Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tasvir edildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu harita, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesinde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n
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\u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde haritac\u0131l\u0131k teknikleri geli\u015fmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda \u00e7e\u015fitli haritalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130talya\u2019daki Seradina-Bedolina Arkeoloji Park\u0131\u2019nda bulunan, M.\u00d6. 2500 civar\u0131na tarihlenen Bedolina Haritas\u0131, kaya \u00fczerine oyularak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 9 metre, geni\u015fli\u011fi 4 metre olan bu ilkel haritada; bar\u0131nma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan alt\u0131 bina, geometrik desenler, insan ve hayvan fig\u00fcrleri yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f haritalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bulgu ise Nippur Haritas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ba\u011fdat yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki eski S\u00fcmer \u015fehri Nippur\u2019da yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda ke\u015ffedilen bu harita, M.\u00d6. 1500\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara tarihlenmektedir. Kanal, tap\u0131nak ve \u015fehir surlar\u0131 gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131n ilk kez detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7izildi\u011fi Nippur haritas\u0131 Almanya\u2019daki Friedrich Schiller \u00dcniversitesinde sergileniyor.<\/p>\n
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\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a ait ilk jeolojik harita olarak bilinen ve Torino Papir\u00fcs\u00fc ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Antik M\u0131s\u0131r haritas\u0131, M.\u00d6. 1316-1295 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmi\u015ftir. Bu jeolojik harita, yer kabu\u011funun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, bile\u015fenlerini ve bu bile\u015fenlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir bulgudur. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki haritada, yer kabu\u011funa dair bilgiler detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130talya\u2019daki Engizio M\u00fczesinde sergilenen Torino Papir\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinde hiyeroglif yaz\u0131larla \u201cdenize g\u00f6t\u00fcren yol\u201d ve \u201calt\u0131n i\u015fleme evleri\u201d gibi ifadeler yer al\u0131r. Alt\u0131n madenine giden yolu tasvir etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu haritada, iki da\u011f yamac\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzanan vadiler dikkat \u00e7ekici bir \u015fekilde resmedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirleri aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgede, d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a ileri bir medeniyet olan Babillilere ait bir ba\u015fka harita M.\u00d6. 8 ile 6. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Bu harita, iki kil tabletten olu\u015fur ve \u00fczerinde co\u011frafi yer adlar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar, nehirler, da\u011flar, \u00f6nemli yerle\u015fim birimleri, tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131, sulama kanallar\u0131 ve ticaret yollar\u0131 gibi bilgiler yer al\u0131r. Babilliler, bu haritalar\u0131 tar\u0131m faaliyetlerini planlamak ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Babil uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6k bilim ve astroloji alan\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydetmi\u015ftir. Babil\u2019e ait baz\u0131 kil tabletlerde, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n konumlar\u0131 ve gezegen hareketleri gibi bilgiler yer almakta olup, bu eserler tarihin ilk g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc haritalar\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu tabletler, bug\u00fcn British M\u00fczesinin koleksiyonunda sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n
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M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Miletli (Ayd\u0131n-Didim) Anaksimandros taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131, modern co\u011frafyan\u0131n ve haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu \u00e7izimde, o d\u00f6nemin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlama bi\u00e7imini yans\u0131tan Anaksimandros, haritas\u0131n\u0131 dairesel bir bi\u00e7imde tasarlam\u0131\u015f, Akdeniz\u2019in g\u00fcneyi ve kuzeyini, ayr\u0131ca 10 farkl\u0131 yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesini belirtmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar bu harita g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olsa da hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgiler Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Herodot\u2019un ar\u015fivleri sayesinde edinilmektedir. Herodot\u2019un ifadelerine g\u00f6re bu haritada, Avrupa ve Asya\u2019n\u0131n ilk kez birbirinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca harita, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ekseni yerine kuzey-g\u00fcney ekseni temel al\u0131narak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yenilik, haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Anaksimandros\u2019un bu erken d\u00f6nem haritas\u0131, sonraki co\u011frafyac\u0131lar i\u00e7in temel bir referans noktas\u0131 olmu\u015f ve daha sonraki haritalar\u0131n geli\u015fiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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\u0130skenderiyeli Ptolemaios (Batlamyus), M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haritas\u0131nda, ilk kez konik projeksiyon (izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00fczlemi) sistemini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu haritada, boylam ve enlem dairelerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Romal\u0131lar ise haritac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, belli ama\u00e7lara hizmet eden bir ara\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle geni\u015f imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in asker\u00ee hareketlere rehberlik edecek yol haritalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, M.\u00d6. 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda Krates ve M.S. 80 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pomponius Mela taraf\u0131ndan da \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fcnya haritalar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n haritac\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f ve sonraki d\u00f6nemlerin harita bilimini etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] \u0130lk \u00e7a\u011flarda, temel amac\u0131 hayatta kalmak ve beslenmek olan toplumlar\u0131n; besin kaynaklar\u0131 bulmak, vah\u015fi hayvanlardan korunmak ve saklanabilecekleri yerleri i\u015faretleyerek yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7izimler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ilkel haritalar\u0131 olarak kabul ediliyor. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131ndan bile daha eskiye dayanan bu ilkel haritalar, \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ve k\u0131talarda ya\u015fayan medeniyetler taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve haritac\u0131l\u0131k tarihi \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011f, Orta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30004,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[2604,2605,2606],"class_list":["post-30003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-cizim","tag-haritacilik","tag-ilkel-haritalar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30003"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30003\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}