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Antik d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131lar ve sanatsal eserler, yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6nemin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginli\u011fini de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda mimari ve m\u00fchendislik alanlar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeleri de g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Ne yaz\u0131k ki zaman, sava\u015flar, do\u011fa olaylar\u0131 ve tahribatlar bu e\u015fsiz eserlerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun kaybolmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Milattan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde in\u015fa edilen ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yaln\u0131zca ad\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011fumuz kay\u0131p alt\u0131 eserden ayakta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015f Gize Piramitleri\u2019ne; \u201cAntik D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Yedi Harikas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131zda listeledik.<\/p>\n
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M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Babil Kral\u0131 II. Nebukadnezar taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa ettirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Babil’in Asma Bah\u00e7eleri, yemye\u015fil bitkiler ve \u015felalelerle bezeli muhte\u015fem bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Var oldu\u011funa dair kesin kan\u0131tlar bulunmamakla birlikte, M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Berossus ve M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Diodorus Siculus gibi Yunan tarih\u00e7ilerin ar\u015fivlerinde bu bah\u00e7elerden bahsedilmektedir. F\u0131rat Nehri’nden suyun zincirli pompalarla bah\u00e7elere ta\u015f\u0131narak sulama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair teoriler \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Her ne kadar baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bu bah\u00e7elerin var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgede bulundu\u011funu iddia etse de Babil’in Asma Bah\u00e7eleri tarihte mitolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir simge olarak kendine yer bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
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Antik Yunan tanr\u0131s\u0131 Helios\u2019un Rodos Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki devasa bronz heykeli, M.\u00d6. 292-280 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 12 y\u0131lda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Makedonlar\u0131n M.\u00d6. 305-304 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Rodoslular\u0131n kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin onuruna yap\u0131lan bu heykel, 33 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fiyle antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck heykellerinden biridir. Rodos’un liman giri\u015finde iki s\u00fctun \u00fczerinde konumlanan heykelde Helios, g\u00fcne\u015fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sembolize eden bir ta\u00e7la tasvir edilmi\u015ftir ve elinde bir me\u015fale veya m\u0131zrak ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde heykelin tam olarak nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok spek\u00fclasyon bulunmaktad\u0131r, ancak kesin bir bilgi yoktur. Yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan yakla\u015f\u0131k 56 y\u0131l sonra, M.\u00d6. 226 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir depremle y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Halikarnas Mozolesi, M.\u00d6. 353-350 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, o d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden biri olan Halikarnas\u2019ta (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bodrum) Pers Satrab\u0131 Mausolos\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, kar\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u0131z karde\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa ettirilen bir an\u0131t mezard\u0131r. 45 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fiyle d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan mozole, beyaz mermerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikd\u00f6rtgen platform, \u00fczerinde s\u00fctunlar, onun \u00fcst\u00fcnde piramit \u015feklinde bir \u00e7at\u0131 ve en tepede Mausolos ile k\u0131z karde\u015finin d\u00f6rt atl\u0131 bir sava\u015f arabas\u0131nda tasvir edildi\u011fi bir heykel grubu yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
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Orta \u00c7a\u011f’da meydana gelen depremler mozoleye ciddi zarar vermi\u015f, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir depremde ise tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiliz arkeolog Charles Thomas Newton\u2019un kaz\u0131lar\u0131yla mozolenin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Londra’daki British Museum’da sergilenenen heykel ve kabartmalar aras\u0131nda Mausolos ve k\u0131z karde\u015finin heykel ba\u015flar\u0131 da yer al\u0131r. Halikarnas Mozolesi, Yunan mimarisi ve sanat\u0131nda derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, zengin s\u00fcslemeleriyle antik ve modern mimarlara ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
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Efes\u2019teki Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, M.\u00d6. 550\u2019lerde, ayn\u0131 yerde bulunan eski bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve tamamlanmas\u0131 tam 120 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 115 metre uzunlu\u011funda, 55 metre geni\u015fli\u011finde ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 18 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bu yap\u0131, d\u00f6nemin en g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Tamam\u0131yla mermerden yap\u0131lan tap\u0131nak, d\u00f6nemin en \u00fcnl\u00fc Yunan heykelt\u0131ra\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcslenmi\u015f ve Yunan mitolojisinde avc\u0131l\u0131k, do\u011fa, Ay ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n koruyucusu olan tanr\u0131\u00e7a Artemis\u2019e adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Efes Antik Kenti, yaln\u0131zca bir ibadet yeri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezi haline gelerek tap\u0131nak sayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginlik ve prestij kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 356 y\u0131l\u0131nda yak\u0131lan, M.\u00d6. 323 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in deste\u011fiyle yeniden in\u015fa edilen, M.S. 262 y\u0131l\u0131nda kenti i\u015fgal edenler taraf\u0131ndan tekrar y\u0131k\u0131lan Artemis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, M.S. 401 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiliz arkeolog John Turtle Wood ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tap\u0131na\u011fa ait baz\u0131 s\u00fctunlar, heykeller ve kabartmalar bulunmu\u015ftur. Bulundu\u011fu yer g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ziyarete a\u00e7\u0131k olsa da tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olarak sadece birka\u00e7 s\u00fctun ayaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
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Zeus Heykeli, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Olympia kentindeki Zeus Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019na adanm\u0131\u015f devasa bir eserdir. M.\u00d6. 435 civar\u0131nda alt\u0131n, fildi\u015fi ve abanoz a\u011fac\u0131 kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan bu heykel, Antik Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Antik kaynaklara ve tasvirlere g\u00f6re, heykelin fildi\u015fi k\u0131sm\u0131 Zeus\u2019un tenini, alt\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131 ise giysisini ve di\u011fer detaylar\u0131 simgeler. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n tavan\u0131na kadar uzanan 12 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bu g\u00f6rkemli heykelde Zeus, abanoz a\u011fac\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tahtta otururken tasvir edilir. Sa\u011f elinde zaferin sembol\u00fc olan bir Nike heykelini, sol elinde ise bir asa ve onun \u00fczerinde bir kartal ta\u015f\u0131r. Olympia, d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli din\u00ee merkezlerinden biri oldu\u011fundan, Zeus Heykeli antik Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kutsal de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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M.S. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesiyle birlikte heykelin \u00f6nemi azal\u0131r ve baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Ancak, M.S. 475\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019da meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131nda heykelin tamamen yok oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
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M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki \u0130skenderiye Feneri, M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pharos Adas\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130n\u015fas\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in generali Ptolemaios I Soter taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, o\u011flu Ptolemaios II Philadelphos d\u00f6neminde tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 100 metreden fazla y\u00fcksekli\u011fiyle devasa bir yap\u0131 olan fener, beyaz kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda par\u0131ldayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahipti. Gece boyunca yak\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ate\u015fle denizcilere yol g\u00f6sterilir, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ise bronz aynalarla \u0131\u015f\u0131k denize yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Antik kaynaklar, fenerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kilometrelerce uzaktan g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Ancak M.S. 956, 1303 ve 1323 y\u0131llar\u0131nda meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck depremler feneri ciddi \u015fekilde tahrip eder ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru tamamen y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda su alt\u0131 arkeologlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 fenerin baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u0130skenderiye’deki m\u00fczelerde sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n
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Antik D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Yedi Harikas\u0131\u2019ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015faran tek yap\u0131 olan Gize Piramitleri, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kahire’nin hemen d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Gize Platosu\u2019nda bulunur. Keops (B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramit), Kefren ve Mikerinos olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck piramitten olu\u015fan bu kompleks, M.\u00d6. 2580-2560 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Keops Piramidi, yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 147 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeyken, erozyon nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 139 metreye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck bir alan\u0131 kaplayan bu devasa yap\u0131, 2,3 milyon ta\u015f bloktan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir ve her bir blok ortalama 2,5 ton, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise 15 tona kadar ula\u015fan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klara sahiptir.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Antik d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131lar ve sanatsal eserler, yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6nemin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginli\u011fini de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda mimari ve m\u00fchendislik alanlar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeleri de g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Ne yaz\u0131k ki zaman, sava\u015flar, do\u011fa olaylar\u0131 ve tahribatlar bu e\u015fsiz eserlerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun kaybolmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Milattan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde in\u015fa edilen ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yaln\u0131zca ad\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011fumuz kay\u0131p alt\u0131 eserden ayakta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29898,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[2534,2535,2536,2537,2538],"class_list":["post-29897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-antik-donem","tag-antik-eserler","tag-gize-piramitleri","tag-halikarnas-mozolesi","tag-rodos-heykeli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=29897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29897\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=29897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=29897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=29897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}