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Kelime anlam\u0131 bilmece, gizem, muamma ya da anla\u015f\u0131lmaz kimse anlam\u0131na gelen Enigma, tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir teknolojiye de ismini vermi\u015ftir. Alman ordusu taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde kripto (\u015fifreli) mesaj \u00fcretmek ve de\u015fifre etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir sistem olan Enigma makinesi, 1930\u2019larda geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u015fifreleme sistemidir. I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u015fifreli kodlarla ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flayan ve \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i Alan Turing\u2019in bu \u00f6zel \u015fifreleme sisteminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibini \u00e7\u00f6zmesiyle sava\u015f\u0131n kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftiren Enigma makinesinin hik\u00e2yesini yaz\u0131m\u0131zda okuyabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
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Kriptografi yani metinleri \u015fifreleme, eski zamanlarda basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir not sistemi olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Julius Caesar ve di\u011fer Roma imparatorlar\u0131 \u00f6zel yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in basit \u015fifreler kulland\u0131lar. O d\u00f6nem, el\u00e7i ve ulaklarla aktar\u0131lan mektuplar ve mesajlar, bir ordunun ya da \u00fclkenin kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u00f6nemli bilgiler ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak bunlar kolayca ele ge\u00e7irilebilirdi ve g\u00fcvenli de\u011fildi. Julius Caesar\u2019\u0131n \u015fifreleme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 harflerin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi gibi basit bir sistemle yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Alfabedeki bir harfi, ba\u015fka bir harfle de\u011fi\u015ftirerek \u015fifrelenen bu basit sistem ileride \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir makinenin de \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n
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Metinlerdeki harflerin yerini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek yap\u0131lan \u015fifreli mesajla\u015fma, I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yerini makinelere b\u0131rakt\u0131. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda mesajlar telsiz yoluyla ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu ve bu mesajlar\u0131n dinlenebilme riskinden dolay\u0131 \u015fifreleme ihtiyac\u0131 do\u011fdu. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonunda 23 \u015eubat 1918’de Alman m\u00fchendis Arthur Scherbius taraf\u0131ndan icat edilen Enigma makinesi, ba\u015fta Almanya olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin asker\u00ee ve devlet hizmetlerinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
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Enigma, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir daktilo gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bu mant\u0131kla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak mesaj\u0131n ilk harfi klavyeye girildi\u011finde \u015fifrelenmi\u015f mesajda nelerin de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir harf yanmaktad\u0131r. Yani rastgele harf \u00fcreten bir mekanizmas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Enigma makinesi bir harfe bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda o harfi alfabedeki bir ba\u015fka harf ile e\u015fle\u015ftirir. B\u00f6ylece ortaya \u015fifrelenmi\u015f bir metin \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u201cC\u201d tu\u015funa bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda \u201cZ\u201d harfi ile e\u015fle\u015ftiriliyorsa, \u201cC\u201d tu\u015funa yeniden bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ba\u015fka bir harf ile e\u015fle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
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Enigma makinesinde tu\u015f tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda 26 harften olu\u015fan \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 bir pano vard\u0131r. Bu pano, \u201crotor\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015fifreli \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 \u00e7ift haneli say\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilebilece\u011fi bir aland\u0131r. Rotorlar bir Enigma makinesinin en \u00f6nemli par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Enigma makinesinin klavyesine bir harf girildi\u011finde elektrik sinyali farkl\u0131 rotorda dola\u015farak ba\u015fka bir harfe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, her harfin ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k giri\u015flerinde farkl\u0131 harfler \u00fcreterek karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca her giri\u015f i\u00e7in rotorlar\u0131n pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, \u015fifrelemenin her seferinde farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bir metni \u015fifrelemek i\u00e7in bir harfe bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 panoda da bir harfin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanar. Rotorlar bu pimler \u00fczerinden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletirken, harf giri\u015fi yap\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00f6nerek \u015fifreleme yolunu da de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
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Mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6nderen ve alan ki\u015filer Enigma makinesinin \u015fifreleme kodlar\u0131n\u0131 belirten bilgilere sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; bir el kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki harflere verilen kod referans\u0131 sayesinde \u015fifreli mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6nderen makinenin ayarlar\u0131na getirilen Enigma makinesinde gelen mesaj, bu referans bilgilerle h\u0131zl\u0131ca de\u015fifre edilebiliyordu. Bu sayede gizlenmi\u015f bilgiler ve sava\u015f taktikleri kilometrelerce uzakta, karada, havada ya da denizde bulunan Alman subaylara iletilebiliyordu.<\/p>\n
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Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131lamaz oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Enigma makinesini, \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i Alan Turing kendi icad\u0131 olan ve \u201cBombe\u201d olarak bilinen bir makine ile k\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak daha \u00f6ncesinde Frans\u0131zlar, Almanlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fma trafi\u011fine ait \u015fifrelere eri\u015fmi\u015f ve bu bilgileri Polonyal\u0131larla payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polonyal\u0131lar bir s\u00fcre sonra kendi Enigma makinelerini yapabilecek ve Alman \u015fifrelerini \u00e7\u00f6zebilecek h\u00e2le gelse de Almanlar\u0131n Enigma makinesine yeni rotorlar eklemesiyle bu \u015fifreler tekrar k\u0131r\u0131lamaz duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve bilgi birikimlerini Frans\u0131zlar ve \u0130ngilizlerle payla\u015farak, \u0130ngilizlerin sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok \u015fifreli mesaj\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmelerinde \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flatan \u00fclke olmu\u015ftur. Pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan bu bilgi birikimi sayesinde Turing\u2019in II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 iki y\u0131l erken bitiren ve 14 milyon insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtaran isim oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Kelime anlam\u0131 bilmece, gizem, muamma ya da anla\u015f\u0131lmaz kimse anlam\u0131na gelen Enigma, tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek bir teknolojiye de ismini vermi\u015ftir. Alman ordusu taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde kripto (\u015fifreli) mesaj \u00fcretmek ve de\u015fifre etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir sistem olan Enigma makinesi, 1930\u2019larda geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u015fifreleme sistemidir. I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u015fifreli kodlarla ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flayan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29182,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[2120,2121,2122,2123],"class_list":["post-29181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-alan-turing","tag-enigma","tag-kripto","tag-makine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29181","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=29181"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29181\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=29181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=29181"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=29181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}