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K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ev aletlerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ya\u015fam hayal etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, de\u011fil mi? \u00dct\u00fcden tutun, sa\u00e7 kurutma makinesine bug\u00fcn evlerimizde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve bizler i\u00e7in geriye bo\u015f vakit sa\u011flamakta, zaman kazand\u0131rmakta. Sanayi Devrimi ve elektri\u011fin ke\u015ffedilmesi ile h\u0131zla geli\u015fen ve hemen hemen her evde bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ev aletlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce icat edildi\u011fini biliyor muydunuz? Bu cihazlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli alt\u0131 tanesini yaz\u0131m\u0131zda listeledik.<\/p>\n
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\u00dct\u00fcn\u00fcn icad\u0131 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanmaktad\u0131r. Giysi ya da kuma\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131r ta\u015flar kullan\u0131l\u0131rken daha sonra sapl\u0131 d\u00fcz demir plakalar ate\u015fte \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ancak \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre korunamamas\u0131 sebebiyle ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde oyulmu\u015f demir plakalar\u0131n i\u00e7ine k\u00f6m\u00fcr k\u00f6z\u00fc dolduruldu. Kor halindeki k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve demirden olu\u015fan bu \u00fct\u00fcler olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r ve kullanmas\u0131 tehlikeli olsa da bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca bu \u00fct\u00fc kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z elektrikli \u00fct\u00fclerin icad\u0131 ise 1882\u2019de Amerikal\u0131 Henry Seely taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u0130ki karbon \u00e7ubuk aras\u0131na kurdu\u011fu kablolu elektrik k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc ile demir y\u00fczeyin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Elektrikli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen a\u011f\u0131r olan \u00fct\u00fclerin hafiflemesi ise 1905’te oldu; hafif ve olduk\u00e7a pratik elektrikli \u00fct\u00fcler piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
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D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli icatlar\u0131ndan biri de elektrikli s\u00fcp\u00fcrge olsa gerek. Pratikli\u011fi ile ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeler i\u00e7in 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngilizler mekanik bir alet geli\u015ftirme fikrini ortaya atarken, tozlar\u0131 vakumla \u00e7eken ilk ev tipi s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeler elektrikli de\u011fildi. O d\u00f6nem benzinle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan motorlar\u0131 olan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeler at arabas\u0131 ile belirli bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 s\u00fcp\u00fcrme hizmeti vermekteydi. Ev tipi s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeler ise elle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pompalar\u0131yla vakum yapmaktayd\u0131. Bir elle s\u00fcp\u00fcrge ileri geri hareket ettirilirken di\u011fer elle pompan\u0131n kolunu itip \u00e7ekmek gerekirdi. Kullan\u0131m\u0131 zor olan bu s\u00fcp\u00fcrgelerin yerini, 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck motorlu hafif elektrikli s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. ABD ve Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da ev tipi elektrikli s\u00fcp\u00fcrge ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hafif ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ilk s\u00fcp\u00fcrge, 1907\u2019de ABD\u2019de James Murray Spangler taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. S\u00fcp\u00fcrgenin \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131nda d\u00f6ner f\u0131r\u00e7alar vard\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir elektrikli pompa da havay\u0131 \u00e7ekiyordu. \u0130lk modelde filtre olarak bir yast\u0131k k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u00fcp\u00fcrgenin mucidi bir fabrika kuracak maddi olana\u011fa sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in patentini W. Hoover\u2019e satt\u0131. Hoover ise s\u00fcp\u00fcrgeyi sa\u011flam ve kolay kullan\u0131l\u0131r h\u00e2le getirip sat\u0131\u015fa sundu.<\/p>\n
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan elektrikli sa\u00e7 kurutma makineleri, elektrikli bir \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131yla bir pervaneyi d\u00f6nd\u00fcren elektrik motorundan olu\u015fan basit bir yap\u0131dan meydana gelmektedir. Ancak 1890\u2019da Frans\u0131z stilist Alexandre-Ferdinand Godefroy, gaz sobas\u0131 ve koltu\u011fu birle\u015ftirerek ilk sa\u00e7 kurutma makinesini icat etmi\u015f oldu. Sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 kurutmak isteyen ki\u015fi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131na oturuyor, ocaktan gelen s\u0131cak hava bir kol yard\u0131m\u0131yla m\u00fc\u015fterinin sa\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6nderiliyordu. Sa\u00e7 kurutma makinelerinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015feklini alabilmesi yani elektrikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan modellerin \u00fcretilmesi, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda elektrik motorlar\u0131n\u0131n boyutunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi. D\u00fcnyada geli\u015ftirilen ilk model ABD\u2019de 1920\u2019de sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
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Yaz aylar\u0131nda serinlemek, k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan klimalar\u0131n fikir olarak ilk kez ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 1758\u2019de ABD\u2019li devlet adam\u0131 ve mucit Benjamin Franklin ve Cambridge \u00dcniversitesinde profes\u00f6r olan John Hadley\u2019in deneylerde baz\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu havan\u0131n so\u011futulabilece\u011fini belirlemesiyle oldu. 1820\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiliz mucit Michael Faraday, amonya\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak ve ard\u0131ndan buharla\u015ft\u0131rarak laboratuvar\u0131ndaki havay\u0131 so\u011futabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti. 1851\u2019de John Gorrie adl\u0131 bir doktor sar\u0131 humma hastalar\u0131n\u0131 serin tutmak i\u00e7in odalar\u0131n tavan\u0131nda as\u0131l\u0131 bir buz havzas\u0131yla odalar\u0131 so\u011futmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. So\u011fuk hava a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru iniyordu. Buz, ABD’deki donmu\u015f g\u00f6l ve akarsulardan hastane odalar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yordu. Olduk\u00e7a zahmetli olan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Gorrie\u2019nin kompres\u00f6r yard\u0131m\u0131yla buz olu\u015fturan bir makine tasarlamas\u0131na neden olurken bu model hi\u00e7bir zaman sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmad\u0131. Modern klima ve so\u011futman\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan Gorrie\u2019nin modelinden sonra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z klimalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemine benzeyen ilk klimalar ise 1902 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019li m\u00fchendis Willis Haviland Carrier taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. O y\u0131llarda, artan s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve de\u011fi\u015fen nem dengesi nedeniyle matbaalarda kullan\u0131lan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar genle\u015fip b\u00fcz\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Carrier daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f mekanik so\u011futma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlanarak bug\u00fcn klima olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir makine icat etti. Havay\u0131 so\u011fuk suyla doldurdu\u011fu borulardan ge\u00e7irerek so\u011futan Carrier, ortamdaki nemi kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Carrier\u2019\u0131n o d\u00f6nemde geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi klima 30 tonluk devasa bir makineydi.<\/p>\n
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\u0130lk elektrikli ekmek k\u0131zartma makinesi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za 1909\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. General Electric taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen bu makine, bir tel \u00f6rg\u00fc \u00fczerine konulan ekme\u011fin \u00e7evrilerek \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. D\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a ileri bir teknoloji olan bu y\u00f6ntem, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda daha da geli\u015ftirildi ve 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 mucit Charles Strite taraf\u0131ndan ilk f\u0131rlatmal\u0131 ekmek k\u0131zartma makinesi \u00fcretildi. Di\u011fer k\u0131zartma makinesine g\u00f6re daha geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir modeldi. \u00c7ift tarafl\u0131 k\u0131zartma yapabiliyordu. Ayarlanan s\u00fcre doldu\u011funda ekme\u011fin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 f\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yay serbest kal\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece daha pratik \u015fekilde k\u0131zart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ekmek yap\u0131labiliyordu.<\/p>\n
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\u00dclkemizde olduk\u00e7a fazla kullan\u0131lan semaver, Rus\u00e7a sama ve varit kelimelerinden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. “Kendi kendine kaynayan” anlam\u0131na gelen semaver, ortas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en bir silindirde mangal k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc veya me\u015fe odunu ile \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan suyla dolu metal bir tenceredir. Ana yurdu Rusya ve Orta Asya olan semaverler s\u0131cak su elde etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7ay demlemek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Demlik koymak i\u00e7in \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir baca ve alt taraf\u0131nda s\u0131cak suyu almak i\u00e7in bir musluk bulunur. Semaver, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ayla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Urallarda icat edildi ve Tula b\u00f6lgesinde geli\u015ftirildi. \u0130lk semaver fabrikas\u0131 1778\u2019de zengin maden yataklar\u0131 olan Tula’da kuruldu. Bak\u0131r, sac veya pirin\u00e7ten imal edilen semaverler, silindir veya dikd\u00f6rtgen prizmas\u0131 \u015feklinde yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1923\u2019te Arthur Large\u2019\u0131n kettle\u2019e icat etmesinin ard\u0131ndan suyun elektrikle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 prensibi semaverler i\u00e7in de uyguland\u0131 ve bu tarihten sonra elektrikli semaverler piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ev aletlerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ya\u015fam hayal etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, de\u011fil mi? \u00dct\u00fcden tutun, sa\u00e7 kurutma makinesine bug\u00fcn evlerimizde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve bizler i\u00e7in geriye bo\u015f vakit sa\u011flamakta, zaman kazand\u0131rmakta. Sanayi Devrimi ve elektri\u011fin ke\u015ffedilmesi ile h\u0131zla geli\u015fen ve hemen hemen her evde bulunan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ev aletlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun \u00e7ok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26385,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[2973,2974,87,2975,1705],"class_list":["post-26384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-klima","tag-kucuk-ev-aletleri","tag-semaver","tag-supurge","tag-utu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26384"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26384\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}