[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Paradoks, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta do\u011fru olan bir ifade veya ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin derinlemesine ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir \u00e7eli\u015fki olu\u015fturmas\u0131 veya durumun i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamaz bir h\u00e2l almas\u0131d\u0131r. Paradoksal \u00f6nermeler, \u201cya do\u011fru ya yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d olarak ifade edilebilecek bir durumu de\u011fil, \u201cne do\u011fru ne de yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d olarak belirlenebilecek mant\u0131ksal \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi, karar verilemez h\u00e2li ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz durumlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00f6nermenin ya da ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin paradoksall\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7eneklerden birinin do\u011fru olarak kabul edilmesiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememektedir. \u00d6yle ki paradoksal ifade; do\u011fru kabul edildi\u011fi zaman yanl\u0131\u015f, yanl\u0131\u015f kabul edildi\u011fi zaman da do\u011fru olmaktad\u0131r. Paradokslar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu metin e\u011fer kafan\u0131z\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz \u00fcnl\u00fc paradoks \u00f6rneklerini okuyarak paradoksun ne demek oldu\u011funu anlayabilir, ayn\u0131 zamanda beyin kaslar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz. \u0130yi okumalar![\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”1#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”25967″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Bu paradoks Giritli Epimenides ile \u00d6klid\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisi Eubulides aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7er. Epimenides\u2019in \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, Aristoteles’ten sonra 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmu\u015f, mant\u0131k ilminin temelleri do\u011frultusunda tekrar \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesini do\u011fru kabul edersek, kendisi de Giritli olan Epimenides\u2019in yalanc\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir. E\u011fer Epimenides yalanc\u0131ysa, t\u00fcm s\u00f6yledikleri gibi, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesinin de yanl\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Do\u011fru s\u00f6yledi\u011fine inan\u0131rsak yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fini anl\u0131yoruz. \u00d6nermenin hem do\u011fru hem yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar. E\u011fer \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesini yanl\u0131\u015f kabul edersek, kendisi de Giritli olan Epimenides\u2019in do\u011fru s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u015eu halde, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesi do\u011fru olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yine \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir \u00f6nerme hem do\u011fru hem yanl\u0131\u015f olamaz.<\/p>\n
Modern d\u00f6nemde ise bu paradoks, \u201cBu c\u00fcmle yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. E\u011fer bu c\u00fcmle do\u011fru ise yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yanl\u0131\u015f ise do\u011frudur. Kafan\u0131z\u0131n biraz kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok normal. E\u011fer bu c\u00fcmleyi do\u011fru kabul edersek asl\u0131nda c\u00fcmle yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015f kabul edersek de c\u00fcmle do\u011frudur. \u00d6nermeyi hem do\u011fru hem de yanl\u0131\u015f kabul etmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Paradoks da tam olarak bu noktada ba\u015flar. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesinin tersi, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler do\u011frucudur\u201d de\u011fildir. Do\u011frusu \u201cEn az bir Giritli vard\u0131r ki, do\u011frucudur\u201d olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Her kelimesinin tersinin en az bir c\u00fcmlesi oldu\u011funun ke\u015ffinden sonra matematikteki \u00e7\u0131kmaz durum a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bilgi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Giritliler Yalanc\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesi yanl\u0131\u015fsa, \u201cEn az bir Giritli do\u011fru s\u00f6yler\u201d \u00f6nermesi do\u011frudur. Bunlardan birinin Epimenides olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan, paradoksu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”2#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”25968″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Kral \u00fclkenin yalanc\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir yar\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7ar. “\u0130\u015fte bu yalan!” diyebilece\u011fi bir yalan uydurana bir k\u00fcp alt\u0131n vadeder. Yalanc\u0131lar ak\u0131n ak\u0131n saraya gelip yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler fakat yalanlar ne kadar ak\u0131l almaz olursa olsun kral hep “Olabilir, niye olmas\u0131n…” gibi cevaplar verir. B\u00f6ylece hem e\u011flenir hem de bir k\u00fcp alt\u0131ndan olmaz. Derken bir yalanc\u0131 elinde bo\u015f bir k\u00fcple huzura \u00e7\u0131kar ve konu\u015fur: \u201cRahmetli dedeniz bir sava\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131 ancak o g\u00fcnlerde hazinede yeterli para yoktu. Dedeniz dedemden bu k\u00fcple bir k\u00fcp alt\u0131n bor\u00e7 ald\u0131 ve \u2018Bu borcumu torunum torununa \u00f6deyecek.\u2019 diye s\u00f6z verdi. \u015eimdi, dedenizin borcunu bana \u00f6demeniz i\u00e7in buraya geldim.\u201d Bu a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n \u00fczerine kral, “\u0130\u015fte bu kuyruklu bir yalan!” deyince adam, “O halde \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fc alay\u0131m,” der. Kral, bir kese alt\u0131n\u0131 vermemek i\u00e7in “S\u00f6yledi\u011fin \u015fey do\u011fru da olabilir” deyince usta yalanc\u0131, “O halde borcunuzu \u00f6deyin” diye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verir.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”3#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”25969″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Yunan kahraman\u0131 Akhilleus\u2019un kaplumba\u011fa ile bir yar\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. \u00c7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve \u00e7ok iyi bir ko\u015fucu olan Akhilleus, kaplumba\u011fan\u0131n belirli bir mesafe, \u00f6rne\u011fin y\u00fcz metre, ileriden ba\u015flamas\u0131na izin verir. E\u011fer her ikisinin de sabit h\u0131zlarda ko\u015ftu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek -biri sabit y\u00fcksek bir h\u0131zda, di\u011feri sabit d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir h\u0131zda- belirli bir s\u00fcre sonra Akhilleus y\u00fcz metre ko\u015fuyu tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaplumba\u011fan\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere gelmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre boyunca kaplumba\u011fa da az da olsa belirli bir mesafe ko\u015facakt\u0131r. Kaplumba\u011fan\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fin 1 metre mesafe ilerledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Akhilleus bir s\u00fcre sonra bu mesafeyi de tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda o s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda kaplumba\u011fa yine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir mesafe ilerlemi\u015f olacakt\u0131r ve bu b\u00f6yle devam edecektir. B\u00f6ylece, Akhilleus ne zaman kaplumba\u011fan\u0131n varm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir noktaya varsa, h\u00e2len daha gitmesi gereken bir mesafe kalm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle paradoksu ortaya atan Zeno, Akhilleus\u2019un kaplumba\u011fay\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ge\u00e7emeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Ancak bu paradoksun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 dairesel bir parkurda ge\u00e7erlidir. E\u011fer d\u00fcz bir parkurda yar\u0131\u015facak olsalar kaplumba\u011fa her zaman geride kalacakt\u0131r.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”4#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”25970″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Bir adada ya\u015fayan bir grup yamyam\u0131n eline bir mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Yamyamlar mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131ya \u015f\u00f6yle derler: “Biz her yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yabanc\u0131y\u0131 yeriz. Kimini ha\u015flay\u0131p kimini k\u0131zart\u0131p yeriz. Av\u0131m\u0131za bir soru sorar\u0131z; av\u0131m\u0131z soruyu do\u011fru yan\u0131tlarsa ha\u015flar\u0131z, yanl\u0131\u015f yan\u0131tlarsa k\u0131zart\u0131r\u0131z.\u201d Mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131ya \u015fu soruyu sorarlar: “Seni ha\u015flay\u0131p da m\u0131 yiyece\u011fiz yoksa k\u0131zart\u0131p da m\u0131 yiyece\u011fiz?” Mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bir s\u00fcre d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckten sonra soruyu \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131ca cevaplar: “K\u0131zartacaks\u0131n\u0131z!” \u0130\u015fte yamyamlar\u0131 \u00e7aresiz b\u0131rakan paradoks bu cevapla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu yan\u0131t\u0131 sayesinde mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ne k\u0131zart\u0131l\u0131r ne de ha\u015flan\u0131r. Bir an i\u00e7in mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131zart\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. O zaman verdi\u011fi yan\u0131t do\u011fru olur. Ama yan\u0131t do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, yamyamlar\u0131n kendi kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re, mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ha\u015flanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Demek mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 k\u0131zart\u0131lamaz. \u015eimdi de mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ha\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. O zaman mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Yan\u0131t yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan da k\u0131zart\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekecektir. Demek mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ha\u015flanamaz da. Yamyamlar tam bir k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcye girmi\u015flerdir. K\u0131zartsalar ha\u015flamalar\u0131 gerekecek, ha\u015flasalar k\u0131zartmalar\u0131 gerekecektir! Sonu\u00e7 olarak mant\u0131k deh\u00e2s\u0131 yamyamlardan kurtulur.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”5#” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”25971″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Hukuk fak\u00fcltesinden yeni mezun olan gen\u00e7, \u00fclkenin en \u00fcnl\u00fc avukat\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda staj yapmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulunur. Avukat gence tek \u015fart ileri s\u00fcrer: “\u0130lk davandan elde etti\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn paray\u0131 bana vereceksin.” Anla\u015fma imzalan\u0131r ve iki y\u0131l beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Staj bitiminde gen\u00e7 anla\u015fmay\u0131 haks\u0131z buldu\u011funu, ilk davadan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 paray\u0131 ona vermeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Avukat tazminat talebi ile mahkemeye ba\u015fvurur. H\u00e2kimin karar\u0131 ne olmal\u0131d\u0131r? \u0130ki daval\u0131 duru\u015fmada h\u00e2kimin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011finde avukat \u015funu s\u00f6yler: “Say\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131m, bu davay\u0131 uzatmaya gerek yok \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer ben kazan\u0131rsam zaten paray\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131m, e\u011fer kaybedersem yine alaca\u011f\u0131m \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc anla\u015fmam\u0131za g\u00f6re o ilk davas\u0131ndan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 paray\u0131 bana verecek.” H\u00e2kim tam avukat\u0131 hakl\u0131 bulacakken bu kez gen\u00e7 avukat s\u00f6z al\u0131r ve \u015f\u00f6yle der: “Say\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131m, evet avukat hakl\u0131, bu duru\u015fma ger\u00e7ekten gereksiz ama benim lehime; zira e\u011fer ben bu davay\u0131 kazan\u0131rsam zaten ona bir \u015fey \u00f6demeyece\u011fim. E\u011fer kaybedersem, anla\u015fmam\u0131za g\u00f6re ilk davay\u0131 kaybetti\u011fim i\u00e7in ona yine bir \u015fey \u00f6demeyece\u011fim.”[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Paradoks, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta do\u011fru olan bir ifade veya ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin derinlemesine ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir \u00e7eli\u015fki olu\u015fturmas\u0131 veya durumun i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamaz bir h\u00e2l almas\u0131d\u0131r. Paradoksal \u00f6nermeler, \u201cya do\u011fru ya yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d olarak ifade edilebilecek bir durumu de\u011fil, \u201cne do\u011fru ne de yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d olarak belirlenebilecek mant\u0131ksal \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi, karar verilemez h\u00e2li ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz durumlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00f6nermenin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25966,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[3329,3330,3331],"class_list":["post-25965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-akil-yurutme","tag-ifade","tag-paradoks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=25965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25965\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=25965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=25965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=25965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}