[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Teknoloji, hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n her yerinde h\u00e2kimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor olsa da \u201ckitap kokusu\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fi as\u0131rlar boyunca devam edecek gibi duruyor. Papir\u00fcsten par\u015f\u00f6mene, el yazmalar\u0131ndan matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131na kadar kitab\u0131n geli\u015fimini kaleme ald\u0131k.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Kitab\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu: Papir\u00fcs d\u00f6nemi” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23810″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahip olan papir\u00fcs, \u015fekil olarak kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 and\u0131ran bir bitkidir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Nil Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yeti\u015fen ve boyu 4 metrelere kadar ula\u015fabilen papir\u00fcs baz\u0131 i\u015flemlerden ge\u00e7erek k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t haline gelirdi. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in \u00f6nce bitkinin saplar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan enine ve boyuna kesilerek u\u00e7 uca ve yan yana yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu sayede tabakalar elde edilirdi. \u00a0Tabakalar\u0131n \u00fczerine kam\u0131\u015flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve benzeri maddeler kullan\u0131larak yaz\u0131lar yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Papir\u00fcs\u00fc d\u00f6nemin lideri yapan en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerden biri dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Malzemeyi uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131lmak ad\u0131na \u00fczerine sedir a\u011fac\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Par\u015f\u00f6men k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 icat edilene kadar papir\u00fcs uzun bir m\u00fcddet kullan\u0131ld\u0131.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Par\u015f\u00f6men ile ba\u015flayan bir devir” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23811″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Y\u0131llarca yaz\u0131 yazmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 malzemeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131; kil tabletler, ma\u011fara duvarlar\u0131, mermerler bunlardan yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7\u0131. Par\u015f\u00f6menin icat edilmesiyle birlikte bamba\u015fka bir d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7ildi. Par\u015f\u00f6men k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131, hayvan derisinin fazlal\u0131klar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve derinin gerilerek kurutulmas\u0131 ile elde edilen bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak yaz\u0131n\u0131n tarihine dahil oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de h\u00e2l\u00e2 pop\u00fclerli\u011fini korumaya devam eden par\u015f\u00f6men k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n ilk kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ise \u0130zmir\u2019in Bergama il\u00e7esi olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti. Par\u015f\u00f6menin o d\u00f6nem bu kadar pop\u00fcler olmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenleri kolay \u00fcretilmesi ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131, \u00f6zellikle yanmayan bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131 da ilgi \u00e7ekiciydi.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Par\u015f\u00f6mene rakip geldi: K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23812″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri \u00c7in\u2019de kullan\u0131lan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya geli\u015fi ile birlikte art\u0131k ba\u015fka bir boyuta ge\u00e7ildi. Semerkant kervanlar\u0131 ile \u201ck\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u201d geldi ve par\u015f\u00f6men ciddi bir rakiple kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Yumu\u015fak ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t daha \u00e7ok tercih edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Hatta d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran par\u015f\u00f6menden \u00e7ok daha fazla tercih edilir oldu. Maliyete de olumlu yans\u0131y\u0131nca art\u0131k k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan ser\u00fcvenine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n milattan \u00f6nce 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in\u2019de Cai Lun taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi bilinir ve hatta Cai Lun i\u00e7in modern k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr demek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Lun k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 olu\u015ftururken baz\u0131 teknikleri kulland\u0131; ana malzemeleri genellikle a\u011fa\u00e7 kabuklar\u0131, bez par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve lifli malzemelerdi. T\u00fcm bu malzemeleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak \u00f6nce yumu\u015fak bir hamur elde etti. Ard\u0131ndan hamuru ezerek su ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece ilk odun hamurunu \u00fcretmi\u015f oldu. A\u011fa\u00e7 kabuklar\u0131n\u0131n harmanlanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekil almas\u0131nda bir milat niteli\u011findedir.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da kitap ser\u00fcveni” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23813″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Bizans d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da Eski\u00e7a\u011f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli oldu. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc korumak ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak ad\u0131na manast\u0131r k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. O d\u00f6nemlerde kitap, kiliselerin ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli hazinelerindendi. Kal\u0131n tahta kapaklarla ciltler yap\u0131l\u0131r, demir ve bak\u0131rla da k\u00f6\u015feleri sabitlenirdi. Kitab\u0131 kopya ederek \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131rlard\u0131 ancak bu a\u011f\u0131r ve olduk\u00e7a zor bir i\u015fti. Zaman ilerledik\u00e7e e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim alan\u0131 da geni\u015fledi, art\u0131k kitap bir \u201cihtiya\u00e7\u201d haline geldi.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Matbaan\u0131n bulunu\u015fu” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23814″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Kitab\u0131n tarihsel ilerleyi\u015finde k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n a\u015fama a\u015fama geli\u015fimi ne kadar \u00f6nemliyse, matbaan\u0131n geli\u015fimi de bir o kadar \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r. Matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131 ile birlikte art\u0131k kitap bir l\u00fcks olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve her eve girebilen bir \u201cbilgi kayna\u011f\u0131\u201d haline gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Matbaan\u0131n \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmesi ve Johann Gutenberg taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019ya getirilerek yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla art\u0131k yeni bir kitap \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Matbaaya ge\u00e7i\u015f ile kitap bas\u0131m maliyetleri ciddi bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ince, daha \u00f6nce zenginlik ve l\u00fcks\u00fcn bir i\u015fareti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen kitaplar art\u0131k her eve rahatl\u0131kla girebilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Kitab\u0131n evlere girmesi fikirlerin, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ve bilginin de do\u011fru oranda yay\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk kitab\u0131” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23815″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ilk yaz\u0131lan kitap Kuzeybat\u0131 \u00c7in \u00fclkesinde bulundu. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131n M. S. 868 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor, kitab\u0131n ad\u0131 \u201cDiamond Sutra\u201d. Diamond, elmas anlam\u0131na gelirken Sutra kelimesinin ise dini bilgi ve vaaz anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. K\u0131ssalar ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler i\u00e7eren Diamond Sutra, ayn\u0131 zamanda dini i\u00e7erikli bir kitapt\u0131r ve Buda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretilerini kapsar. Tamam\u0131 7 sayfadan olu\u015fan kitab\u0131n 6 sayfas\u0131 metin, 1 sayfas\u0131 ise Buda\u2019y\u0131 resmeden bir sayfa olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada ilk bas\u0131lan kitap Diamond Sutra iken \u00fclkemizde bas\u0131lan ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitap ise bas\u0131m\u0131 2 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Vankulu L\u00fcgati olmu\u015ftur. Bu arada ilk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131n\u0131 kuran ismin \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika oldu\u011fu bilgisini de verelim.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Teknoloji, hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n her yerinde h\u00e2kimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor olsa da \u201ckitap kokusu\u201d ger\u00e7e\u011fi as\u0131rlar boyunca devam edecek gibi duruyor. Papir\u00fcsten par\u015f\u00f6mene, el yazmalar\u0131ndan matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131na kadar kitab\u0131n geli\u015fimini kaleme ald\u0131k.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”innerItemContainer”][vc_column][eltd_section_title alignment=”left” title=”Kitab\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu: Papir\u00fcs d\u00f6nemi” title_font_size=”13″][vc_single_image image=”23810″ img_size=”full” el_class=”innerImageContainer”][vc_column_text el_class=”innerText”]\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahip olan papir\u00fcs, \u015fekil olarak kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 and\u0131ran bir bitkidir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Nil […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[2633,266,2634,2635,2636],"class_list":["post-23808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultur-sanat","tag-el-yazmalari","tag-kitap","tag-matbaa","tag-papirus","tag-parsomen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23808\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/soms.invekor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}